x
非洲到而家16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXcAHWBul1V
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcS4AWOnlb7
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtKtRsAogTg
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAK4b0S9ahi
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaXoXtYEvJP
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLrTcjkITb9
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd94JQl0scT
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ13IsYxVzVN
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR4phYiLSUf
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtYpN535ViA
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡys1wo9qZTf
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzs0QatcfMP
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe0y0WvnWHl
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhauEv7bGeN
1493年3月15日星期五中午 16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ65GaMkemFg
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo2jjmFSZdE
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Ti8SFchjv
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyZOvrsoUuU
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5Sb7gEakpK
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPC9aHAsCTy
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz0ycsTJ9hN
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN7RIrC6w3i
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXUrFJ2aAHs
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqIvufjPih3
咁既然唔係亞洲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqD6x00SG01
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK7nKUr9bCB
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiqsGJrByTE
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLbiakd1uYF
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeosviLJ5A8
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLjkOyZ2ENi
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ13ZWuPYRaM
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsUbssZ1BAJ
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyzddqosymC
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBLqIUIR4kV
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhvyqTda8FI
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCQYE7sypO0
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwucYBz3n5m
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeFo55R2evm
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBAtMYRs1gR
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdOUaLG1Ppj
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxooajG74JC
同環繞赤道一周差唔多16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSMDBCzdiq2
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2TR1wIM1Gy
萬一有咩阻滯16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgu2OtO7e0c
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡodtNGUtj2Z
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡET5ErSymLM
就仆得街喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKuBeNigzSf
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV6EXXNLKPL
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQmpljmJNZX
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIwbFuSQNOK
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJdLYeXwMmS
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzSjJwap6Zc
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDh3DSXPryu
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ19zMKZyPiD
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv0zvMPEV2C
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQUISzbbOW7
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe0YLxjz3DA
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfCWTZtdN7i
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj4hj1zva1O
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIxqiCnSV0O
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1wvG9iyKVg
就算食到都消化不良啦
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxlaR5wJYcT
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgyVvyblVP3
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡadFRUxzySD
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeKg2Hp9kST
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfZUY7cJKJA
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz3BVRgmrbD
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy7G1IW6GNU
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3JbvK36F9I
美洲有耕地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡstXxHxNUNg
非洲有人力16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcTbUe63KXW
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxhwJ6EYlP9
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXnhLWLFX4k
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS6ouGFw9FN
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6SARMmr3Zk
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCz1pBlNgm5
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNEPxxzOwUy
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsKkVHse6NQ
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIx0at8zAc4
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ65j9GVdN51
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNgqzgtzWnn
由此激發各國投入人力物力16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡciKpBGdnxK
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJWBg804zHs
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQrbitOkgDK
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkFSdz8Hnx0
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcxA1SWzBVf
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbKMzvnOooc
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3LazUPbTpP
三角貿易
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJJleN0Dxrp為日後BLM埋下伏線
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡglbC7NoxKH
睇到呢度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlj7ikTa7Kg
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkoQJvyNt2a
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2x2kpoqQEn
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtBCXCRMQ9V
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ181WW2lb7E
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLRWa0JuuoT
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvFOt12dOfU
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFX1H7MhzJp
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6706yfPEQo
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNvuD1o6Y8f
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj4qJHotdnp
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwVTQNeJzfG
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLDdRk2zTwp
準備選出新教宗喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG9UgJg0P08
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPgWxq3dAGA
自16世紀起16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHBKLP2MXjM
呢個小圈子選舉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4kWrwuEJBL
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo0JVRBzMCT
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdoBfTa6Rv9
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1v4Sl4fNlV
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmXvKl4L3tF
有時仲會大打出手16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCbLmFlDlFU
好似1605年3月嗰次16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGbeXYplIk6
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrhwmFr2PP5
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVRdFS1EWTJ
不過呢個唔係今集重點16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMXZH9ByzvN
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtWGhC7Wi4K
我直接講個結果：16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡykMlfZD2Kd
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡibiskJvese
法號伍朋八世16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4SHUCtUQdS
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhA8BKpe81M
…16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7rGkqumKBM
..16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKhENw0Pieu
.16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf3bYIPEhdv
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUvt95bsj7G
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKkK7gtPDQh
佢地其實係病死嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSfRjPmGzVv
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsBFeJ5uoYp
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUbwVM9TqNp
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuEMkNLxwxf
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPv2hILjKIR
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyeBrusjlbr
係會令人發燒同病死16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuHDGpBN9fx
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLmCgfrk6mD
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAuoFH87IY6
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk9DnYtH8mg
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF1EYrozxvX
帶返去羅馬本土喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBBI6RE6TyK
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo2sDhmaYXK
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡviNboZl284
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBMscsT6MSd
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbb8CIyU5wr
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPprZaJZ3xz
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡicH4rZsvs6
額我略十五世唔遲唔早16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvjvyF4xoVZ
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAmvbTiLX9U
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfWqUrvRPdj
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9JbkJlnACA
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLZPjyIp336
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH0ITjeEWtl
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXJzJaVzwYe
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNr69OwUbE9
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvy300Dzjf4
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc1PvpQFiN5
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPauEa7mObT
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL0SkUsim2I
真係唔醫好過醫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzTiKWFI6CA
不過喺呢個大航海時代16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh5MCCowLTe
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrutXwtWUub
16世紀起16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdatdy6DVXl
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG2xGlJO0gQ
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfEg4wjkfWd
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnCWDhl2r3W
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHzmqgSnV4U
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfB7Svouoam
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJgL4c4vaad
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5hF6aO9Pol
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡluqf94fGKs
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOubjfCW4JE
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVi7wjL98PF
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqMIWlAJJ3a
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGr57cixhkv
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3CDFgQfNjt
喺呢個地理大發現時代16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr6Myq6Jpj8
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBMwuGtvcJl
呢個故事嘅主要成份16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcK9CqPz4e
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNEn376AEin
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7nPf4ktxUl
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0FRZ0TVbl8
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrw55tEtLMo
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡClwxrxT23r
咁有農地自然就要灌溉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4QRZgSjFmr
而灌溉自然就會有積水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0v6XUwWqhn
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0wKnctq5vh
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf4FMTZipjf
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8qhTMdJGy1
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV9NYZ5m07O
自16世紀中期起16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6Izcu0eciS
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxlNBurZQAT
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwxQlxCfbY5
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOaCSDfEvES
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMkhgTovxyz
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDOp5WjqWor
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZQmiT8OXCd
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWWY5MAyLBP
如無意外16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN2yU1qaa3G
呢啲新興嘅殖民地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVw4NNh1Ddk
將會同羅馬一樣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUyzi1w2PEH
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQM4L4pu9EY
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWE0b6sNjIF
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiyiATN0Uad
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQT08eBsm5O
不過喺利馬16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyGhGnRzjrA
情況就有啲唔同16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCe9oqrdfUW
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWVVu0QPCnG
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡABx1tXLPNz
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSiPIog5Xa6
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi25tNh6Srw
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7gQma7O5wm
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx9D1yYqAdL
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5J6rD7Tycm
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ34XVvaI8El
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZWuNs9fXhD
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡibk22qHgyL
不過喺嗰個年代16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZpZwxXmqlg
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9OzeTMWwa3
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyQaNtSKAbw
其實當時耶穌會啲教士16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEjk9Mesn56
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW8ajcqbTCK
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdyLkcLqMvY
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG8r6qIJ2P6
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiGO49dwN7D
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVhW0QmrU30
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXb1Z8aERNC
因為會引起間歇性高燒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKGjE2H4YN
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNWKy5GmuSO
點知咁啱得咁橋16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAqL6D6kAa0
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfIhp4oKp7f
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT2W5l2OxfL至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF3qeLqdE4I
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrvtJhzejhW
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWLzKJyfwPw
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0o7QgcF0pE
最後喺1632年16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2QTlHJoFsv
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgSVmtYXBVZ
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjTelUCsL5r
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTLsuAwASrj
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhBaTIEmK3K
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwHN2RElXkm
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1nzVf6kdKb
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ygrCIdN0E
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5FzYV6197y
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl0vSMdtbM1
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx2oZaVsBjw
遇到咩奇難雜症都好16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy3swMRmk8t
只要將自己嘅問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVzeAGDu28n
變埋做其他人嘅問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDurKaWPt5E
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTSSyGi5Fml
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbjXaW2xRYl
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfgXWLskBjq
佢發夢都唔會諗到16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRGHUWMQB5r
佢嗰個大轉移16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsqx7FiKthH
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH22o24tSUv
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrMufHPbgNU
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWt0npvGtCe
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbfAs3UsCB0
視乎你從咩角度睇啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡudFpxi8cqo
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDHHeXpSUyT
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGKehTXibsq
現實就係喺嗰時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHiPVl4oGA5
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXDiwSy2524
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4rWrijr4XR
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4qrWXdkcDj
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx12S5Lahbu
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlD52TJCWv3
都只係數字嚟啫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWfrixtfkN5
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOXgG1MpAyn
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJCujlvCqm2
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjjjJ4FDwLX
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKN1cvRWLsq
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMjYcxpztUh
1）苦到仆街16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbMaGHsV7du
2）有毒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJn9QEJtxzS
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQpali5xPdT
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfLQf4ToWkf
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpT3CAK2XiM
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4P0X5ZERu5
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtDnLw5RO8Y
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMNtGrLjDaI
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMCcmRagrmi
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWv7XeA9nfx
以奎寧為例16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyaH5wGLLcg
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiYOB6fo1xJ
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPrFEWjsplT
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRX5kquTmDN
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKg2lXP5B5G
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV5LrZxv1rR
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvtJeTn5xy2
有時會唔夠藥效16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4nTbVwKiH7
有時又過量中毒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5HLvjv1Ntd
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQkbQE51kMy
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIO3O3BIsVF
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRo4CPEsXfL
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFXT3qtQncN
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJD61mVn6iR
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0X7jjCDgzN
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZzBcH6pUOQ
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtRRYvT2gNm
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2WGTInQCq7
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXp507rWxnL
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYS75dwbspB
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw8xtzkHXiK
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtuOJg8iNtU
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhbOQ4sJ9bO
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMNJYh8MljP
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtYnZkfPbUH
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOklX3HLmxV
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJuoBkjEJOo
喺名人效應下16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiL9DAbbPnW
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAnMuwTBmVs
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYWxsTlidlN
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcNmIgdSzmu
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder”
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTiXjqYnoZn
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsLzO14DuEI
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEdjqZG9Y7V
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKr0E6dpAWQ
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPEGORWuwqf
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwSXyrZireF
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXH6Mx8Gjj5
要大規模應用喺平民度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6rLahKwqvy
係諗都唔使諗16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm2fiyNcHXc
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc6XBr8kcAs
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhm327w3rUk
正以前所未有嘅速度增長16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD5sd8tBF3L
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXjIYtUg63j
而研究出嚟嘅成果16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOEBUFtWw7h
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKRGzaeK0t0
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZXwzgDsaGD
人類了解世界嘅方式16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv0aKJRUNLu
再唔係好似以前咁16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZtmExqZ0eS
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTpLTUcDlgG
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO2ot46Hbtc
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFn8Uo9hYWc
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsRFETp2M0m
自此無論係英王嘅御醫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy7fHYWRGSw
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy6Eo5a5uqT
只要有本藥典同個磅16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGdyQLUCnyy
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHGIGZGNJWM
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsZsJqmDUFy
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbCVkHNJEL
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7oZGeYUf6y
都深受瘧疾所困擾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUrcj2Y1IK8
例如喺1836年16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcMTRB2i88Y
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKy2Hc93sf3
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUvGo1dEOFj
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV1IyrfwdOK
死亡率更高達6成半16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaSr5bsXVCK
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSfGyrvxBik
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX7r2GrtdJ7
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZaBs7geX1s
死亡率之高16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPAfpbLBjuF
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAjGhpa9Ns9
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwDWJc9nSm6
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1f9fgqEFAx
到1860年左右16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBtWPpsKrew
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx2AGDkWZxY偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ77SZmYxAmR
奎寧供應大增16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa4F4CpvmQP
喺滿足咗本土需求後16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmYaf1kSEmp
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7LUoWsFlFZ
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaSi5jqNgBS
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡocF8xjgnOW
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡovoZcymUfI
原因就係奎寧實在太苦16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKnmf50Uww4
可能你地會諗：16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2f6amWwPni16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8jwTYaS3k0
冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXNdkzGfuqe
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyzjkaQO3K3
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh8z00HS0nW
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ9RfIOP7Kg
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwb9BmJ9VAB
就唔同咁講喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxFwBGCea6E
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsfxL7obfbU
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu9SGBLfcSY
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoFrZi0WZVM
服從性有幾高可想而知16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdAMxaymUEy
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGpDlXWN9ro
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsy9QfA6f6I
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡITxk5wyL36
無疑係甘上加甘16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTcLNmoMLgA
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYczvj9uKY4
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00016Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqfHFmTwa9c
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzXrKYMlLeR
錢就使咗效果又冇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuEJNAIIazr
咁點搞?16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Vma8O0Dfr
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrnqzdGO3ZW
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEeZXO0nmA6
作為糖嘅發源地16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpAduHLcoS4
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoxIMjwAZO3
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSNHXIzlvk9
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBaV3b3fZEJ
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfc0wYx9dKb
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpuCuKgz6v6
溶入高濃度糖水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVq3PI5pHFV
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡufWYyWipCq
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk1nP1OEC9B
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGj4PIeP2wN
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQbYlfoqhKV
啲軍官再進一步16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTzF3X7WFS9
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxf4zgJ0N0S
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYUaPgyOX4X
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUiSjNB9vIJ
法國人曾經試過用紅酒16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJO9PjYTSL4
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWHxxTM6w4z
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ97aHLoQCAC
味道完全唔融和16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ20HzbQiNfH
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1hfQTsIoXH
後來研究發現16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkTyqvcWXeP
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhQHMol5HBM
同奎寧結合成聚合體16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5xllETA5Xs
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhpm83QHYDb
呢個偶然嘅發現16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtUmnpe4Wiu
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYXCLD0NGQm
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhWRSfajO8k
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqF17xMrV6M
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr0eOkQ7PuJ
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkj4hBzAAgN
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf7ArBO3YW9
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4WYu7wUf1M
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxpxDmfgh0r
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO7dVErCxgy
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZiSwSZCl0h
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZJYczaOWX6
例如喺1875年16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwCKw8OZPm4
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfLHJ8YLanD
已經跌到去1.5%16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ21RS8um5En
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqUYPzyhwNf
下集會講吓16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS1jJxCrAnd
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2L8zM7nQV2
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運16Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡISu6shrf3G
