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就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙52Please respect copyright.PENANAe1DUmWiF42
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下52Please respect copyright.PENANA1WxR29DSRw
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸52Please respect copyright.PENANAgwyjOiljr2
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網52Please respect copyright.PENANAKJtk0cf6sg
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦52Please respect copyright.PENANAROFNYxetcN
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞52Please respect copyright.PENANAFmXUHQYA1i
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀52Please respect copyright.PENANAxF2lILtVVf
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦52Please respect copyright.PENANAO0fCfoq8MM
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下52Please respect copyright.PENANA42i4zCM1s6
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAmlmXAHZGjA
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時52Please respect copyright.PENANAiaCqIkNXM8
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地52Please respect copyright.PENANAa4i8FJXcaI
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力52Please respect copyright.PENANAQoyabfXEfD
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累52Please respect copyright.PENANAB11Wxslq2R
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖52Please respect copyright.PENANAq17igFx1nJ
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗52Please respect copyright.PENANAYnt54dW6cr
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多52Please respect copyright.PENANAWGTWxLmwtE
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易52Please respect copyright.PENANAXw47kMMrPy
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水52Please respect copyright.PENANAXMh4WbkWj9
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食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢52Please respect copyright.PENANAlVDXSebEV9
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成隊船要喺東非呆等半年52Please respect copyright.PENANA7m2jZOp1pI
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得52Please respect copyright.PENANARtC30IHWAk
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啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非52Please respect copyright.PENANAIlZH6vPmvC
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年52Please respect copyright.PENANAOGtcdhJGn2
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又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等52Please respect copyright.PENANA3yzPbq8SqS
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另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支52Please respect copyright.PENANAgUtIx71Hni
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊52Please respect copyright.PENANAGEzgvAM8dq
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢52Please respect copyright.PENANAktFNWkJDnx
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講52Please respect copyright.PENANAK5aup5c1N9
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉52Please respect copyright.PENANAhmvXVdX0At
就算食到都消化不良啦52Please respect copyright.PENANA7xQZZlZFql
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站52Please respect copyright.PENANAyGJJacJtX3
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向52Please respect copyright.PENANAPaQIsVbgS2
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞52Please respect copyright.PENANAWNtHgeMqPg
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多52Please respect copyright.PENANAvOvalvU9oe
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:52Please respect copyright.PENANArsd88b2vTa
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢52Please respect copyright.PENANANEe8GoXDUk
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫52Please respect copyright.PENANA3y5lZRXTcX
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話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎52Please respect copyright.PENANAccrEDsSvYI
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力52Please respect copyright.PENANAoCUVsUJU7V
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁52Please respect copyright.PENANAh0BqtduOfj
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩52Please respect copyright.PENANAShRnIU5cKJ
美洲有耕地52Please respect copyright.PENANALuO9FXhbax
非洲有人力52Please respect copyright.PENANA0E0asqWWK4
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心52Please respect copyright.PENANA1FUmmCcJEg
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦52Please respect copyright.PENANAbwnzTzt2RW
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢52Please respect copyright.PENANAxiNGI1TAjE
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼52Please respect copyright.PENANAhtSiorLkjP
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢52Please respect copyright.PENANA8qJY4kq8Fz
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國52Please respect copyright.PENANA4QuKmRW7ZH
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦52Please respect copyright.PENANA6h9jRteD0b
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行52Please respect copyright.PENANAd9v3RPBVvJ
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣52Please respect copyright.PENANAVnvFz2wPgp
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴52Please respect copyright.PENANAKpdDrBmzZo
由此激發各國投入人力物力52Please respect copyright.PENANAvncsQqZQM5
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器52Please respect copyright.PENANA4lRzKqAOvP
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船52Please respect copyright.PENANA8BmfvUjFNu
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展52Please respect copyright.PENANA067XwU1ZuM
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等52Please respect copyright.PENANArwrPqMu647
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話52Please respect copyright.PENANA2Tipd3qF7j
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易52Please respect copyright.PENANA8ybqrGNMDX
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲52Please respect copyright.PENANAgsarxHVcRR為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度52Please respect copyright.PENANAoXztpxHzO8
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:52Please respect copyright.PENANAPHXvGfGRGa
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?52Please respect copyright.PENANA8mwciMB9mX
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒52Please respect copyright.PENANAwWpl5A1dPX
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀52Please respect copyright.PENANA5hwwd9TvSR
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢52Please respect copyright.PENANAJq46OjEqUu
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成52Please respect copyright.PENANA2q9n8OiHJG
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉52Please respect copyright.PENANARNFRArOJJ9
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現52Please respect copyright.PENANABh3Q7P20Ud
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲52Please respect copyright.PENANADNI85JNukd
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉52Please respect copyright.PENANAq6Q1CH9iq7
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團52Please respect copyright.PENANAjghU9Vpzke
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議52Please respect copyright.PENANAiWlHCnlSJy
準備選出新教宗喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAPO2lC15320
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖52Please respect copyright.PENANAfFm5uFxWlB
自16世紀起52Please respect copyright.PENANAJlSrI9Jx92
呢個小圈子選舉52Please respect copyright.PENANAUZP1oe4vWw
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控52Please respect copyright.PENANAUgTaAwKg5K
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益52Please respect copyright.PENANABlyVrttTPd
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營52Please respect copyright.PENANAfmtsQ3ED9a
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤52Please respect copyright.PENANA6YHFdOBlL2
有時仲會大打出手52Please respect copyright.PENANAgpZzt37VxO
好似1605年3月嗰次52Please respect copyright.PENANANP1GmJSkwq
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨52Please respect copyright.PENANA8PyTrNziXI
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈52Please respect copyright.PENANAjKejnqlKY5
不過呢個唔係今集重點52Please respect copyright.PENANAAaWUrfIxIR
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAQ3O27eoSjr
我直接講個結果:52Please respect copyright.PENANAmiDlwf8guD
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗52Please respect copyright.PENANAc8Myscmota
法號伍朋八世52Please respect copyright.PENANA5LaA0zVTSH
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員52Please respect copyright.PENANA3nJxSOiCvp
…52Please respect copyright.PENANAlSgBfQfoOU
..52Please respect copyright.PENANA6zZjDiP9JR
.52Please respect copyright.PENANABFqZJ4qtQ8
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???52Please respect copyright.PENANACVIfzLQLWk
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦52Please respect copyright.PENANAahUq5bZQc5
佢地其實係病死嘅52Please respect copyright.PENANA5p2Qbh1gG6
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"52Please respect copyright.PENANADB8C9GLjHp
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇52Please respect copyright.PENANASI0KpNzcZa
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播52Please respect copyright.PENANAmzJxGI3M48
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時52Please respect copyright.PENANAJVyeXOcVn9
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味52Please respect copyright.PENANAJyjiUnVCbX
係會令人發燒同病死52Please respect copyright.PENANAp3Gf0OUpdA
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾52Please respect copyright.PENANAAJVYbfPYgW
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後52Please respect copyright.PENANA7gzhLAyJEH
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘52Please respect copyright.PENANAEqTcHN3LDT
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體52Please respect copyright.PENANAdomIb7O3A5
帶返去羅馬本土喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAvgLPnwV1bT
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶52Please respect copyright.PENANAWRjrGEeju8
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖52Please respect copyright.PENANA4F55Ca52Ba
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地52Please respect copyright.PENANAVAx4fiPmns
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣52Please respect copyright.PENANADogOuupd8R
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時52Please respect copyright.PENANAwmoVXQ3bFJ
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命52Please respect copyright.PENANAlgpURvSNV8
額我略十五世唔遲唔早52Please respect copyright.PENANA0p8ouzY1gM
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋52Please respect copyright.PENANAgoqCR6DYXn
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAbDjmSJtsAw
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世52Please respect copyright.PENANAg9ZRp0ntBG
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召52Please respect copyright.PENANATCzQwb22RA
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦52Please respect copyright.PENANAk62DpFoB4B
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病52Please respect copyright.PENANAcgodGcrzvS
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史52Please respect copyright.PENANAJoXZB65f21
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦52Please respect copyright.PENANACM8OvUe6qT
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾52Please respect copyright.PENANApfApprjYR6
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法52Please respect copyright.PENANAfOqQ4Otne2
真係唔醫好過醫52Please respect copyright.PENANA7OWr5Y9h8o
不過喺呢個大航海時代52Please respect copyright.PENANA3IAjfvhDUc
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢52Please respect copyright.PENANA5fCndihrqT
16世紀起52Please respect copyright.PENANAXelUcvCKsD
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊52Please respect copyright.PENANAMHaxwfzoLp
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲52Please respect copyright.PENANAfTNFEDL5ql
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛52Please respect copyright.PENANAEKFGkz2OFb
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人52Please respect copyright.PENANARtYL7ius9C
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣52Please respect copyright.PENANAKjzCDI5IQW
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目52Please respect copyright.PENANAcXx8wlFcBb
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材52Please respect copyright.PENANA1cdYuVDXph
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英52Please respect copyright.PENANAqIdKlVRY7w
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落52Please respect copyright.PENANAQTXBneenZt
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦52Please respect copyright.PENANASM1YIrYpFo
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情52Please respect copyright.PENANAJJyei4Nfok
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....52Please respect copyright.PENANA6aEArnpsTI
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸52Please respect copyright.PENANAHZwHOb1TAk
喺呢個地理大發現時代52Please respect copyright.PENANAVN6wwe7MKF
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置52Please respect copyright.PENANAWdqNLi9aa7
呢個故事嘅主要成份52Please respect copyright.PENANAXgopNOOZ5C
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初52Please respect copyright.PENANAQhiGhnBbNp
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬52Please respect copyright.PENANAfGKHQIcHD7
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後52Please respect copyright.PENANA62IR6iSGdP
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土52Please respect copyright.PENANAue5qZ8QDYp
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就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵52Please respect copyright.PENANAqFOf9axnoi
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去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病52Please respect copyright.PENANAKc4IfQJpp1
服從性有幾高可想而知52Please respect copyright.PENANAASEMr3P7Uj
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫52Please respect copyright.PENANA3CJocY2MC5
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話52Please respect copyright.PENANATISqij54dT
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講52Please respect copyright.PENANAgayO3qWnMv
無疑係甘上加甘52Please respect copyright.PENANA1PbH8qAr6T
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢52Please respect copyright.PENANA9cZ9WyMDP8
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00052Please respect copyright.PENANA8s6DQqfLYV
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度52Please respect copyright.PENANAyZhBBlTeOb
錢就使咗效果又冇52Please respect copyright.PENANAj5bZMxOL8R
咁點搞?52Please respect copyright.PENANAzAxOW5vC4V
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”52Please respect copyright.PENANAinRl4yEv9x
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案52Please respect copyright.PENANAbwlXV3wqB7
作為糖嘅發源地52Please respect copyright.PENANAo9H2Un8vJL
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像52Please respect copyright.PENANAlOBLKPEMed
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右52Please respect copyright.PENANAedRsL8jloX
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官52Please respect copyright.PENANA3YwsKuRcCq
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:52Please respect copyright.PENANAz5j8WEk520
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧52Please respect copyright.PENANARVwSWMmSyb
溶入高濃度糖水52Please respect copyright.PENANAoeI6hZROJ4
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮52Please respect copyright.PENANAuQqRhQxUdi
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿52Please respect copyright.PENANALoLPwarTlp
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度52Please respect copyright.PENANAh04LwdL6uH
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇52Please respect copyright.PENANAdtdXTqnQGc
啲軍官再進一步52Please respect copyright.PENANAwDs55TwscU
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒52Please respect copyright.PENANAjbKHmIQfe5
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
52Please respect copyright.PENANAQsrgTqNDiy
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆52Please respect copyright.PENANAFKnkVOIjfm
法國人曾經試過用紅酒52Please respect copyright.PENANAlTWbrxp5Ab
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪52Please respect copyright.PENANAS0uwENaKfS
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水52Please respect copyright.PENANAVpy9FXy6vU
味道完全唔融和52Please respect copyright.PENANA9jHqP6Ghj0
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味52Please respect copyright.PENANAvL9aegPJF7
後來研究發現52Please respect copyright.PENANAumeobygaIP
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份52Please respect copyright.PENANAKZwZt8Srkd
同奎寧結合成聚合體52Please respect copyright.PENANAJOmuOOx9gR
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道52Please respect copyright.PENANAXeDnBMxPD0
呢個偶然嘅發現52Please respect copyright.PENANAAn0jwdpgEv
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎52Please respect copyright.PENANAxJW4Su0Lps
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵52Please respect copyright.PENANAnNrcsWkyf6
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧52Please respect copyright.PENANAont8cG1TV8
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥52Please respect copyright.PENANAcbA8BZFkyi
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品52Please respect copyright.PENANAKHdINsnPDF
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度52Please respect copyright.PENANAcM1YIPRkPZ
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品52Please respect copyright.PENANA5D629StJ2N
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)52Please respect copyright.PENANAUT43f004DB
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水52Please respect copyright.PENANAGhfn3MZ0ea
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水52Please respect copyright.PENANAYGw4d3heiz
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命52Please respect copyright.PENANAv3SPPGfary
例如喺1875年52Please respect copyright.PENANAiq8Q0bwq1x
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率52Please respect copyright.PENANAfnyJr6uACN
已經跌到去1.5%52Please respect copyright.PENANA1gLUoIoo2o
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面52Please respect copyright.PENANA77V5Ny6Tdz
下集會講吓52Please respect copyright.PENANA3lLsU6mVCi
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥52Please respect copyright.PENANAJ5BSgUG7Lr
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運52Please respect copyright.PENANAFu0tnNc2WL52Please respect copyright.PENANACarm1jUB0d