閱讀難度:⭐️⭐️656Please respect copyright.PENANAvP0ZdXl1If
在我們的日常用語中,一個人敢做一些普通人不敢做的事,我們都會說他比普通人大膽。但明明膽只不過是人體器官之一,究竟是什麼使他成為了勇氣的代名詞呢?英文語境中有個有趣的事實,「guts」一詞翻譯成中文會是「膽量」,但「gut」本身是指腸道,難道加了「s」,多於一條腸就等於是膽了嗎?656Please respect copyright.PENANAg4F0M7llTk
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#主決斷656Please respect copyright.PENANAOdxTequMha
根據中醫對人體臟腑的認識,膽的生理功能有二,其一是貯存和分泌膽汁,讓膽汁去到小腸,幫助消化和吸收食物。這與西醫所理解的膽差別不大。656Please respect copyright.PENANAGwJIG4rzQi
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其次,就是《素問·靈蘭秘典論》所說的膽主決斷:656Please respect copyright.PENANAS3vCKP4MxN
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「膽者,中正之官,決斷出焉。」656Please respect copyright.PENANAh9Uokot5hm
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所謂「中正」,即公正、果敢。所以膽具有做決定的角色,將肝的謀略付諸實行。而當膽有病,則不但會影響決斷功能,還會反映在精神活動上。656Please respect copyright.PENANAyu03VvxhKn
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《靈樞·邪氣臟腑病形》:「膽病者,善太息,口苦,嘔宿汁,心下澹澹,恐人將捕之。」656Please respect copyright.PENANAMHV6WVKvuQ
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常說心藏神,主神志,但若無膽作決斷,仍是會心神不寧。所以兩者是相輔相成。656Please respect copyright.PENANA5I3yntFWaU
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#十一臟656Please respect copyright.PENANA3v0BqNLWcl
《說文解字》曰:「決,行流也。 從水、從夬。」描繪了衝破決裂的景象,形象地說明「膽」所做的「決」正是有種作出突破的意義。656Please respect copyright.PENANAuTx4JWHZlI
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《素問.六節藏象論》中有耐人尋味的一句:「凡十一臟皆取決於膽也。」時至今日,對此仍有各種不同的理解。656Please respect copyright.PENANAjOsa3Co8jh
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其中,有一種解釋是指膽氣助正抗邪,反應了人體正氣盛衰。《素問.經脈別論》曰:656Please respect copyright.PENANARD0TQjSiIh
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「勇者氣行則已,怯者則著而為病也。」656Please respect copyright.PENANA9zKj7Xzxrk
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正氣強盛是一個人表現出果決勇敢的基本條件。而正氣能夠抵抗外邪,強健臟腑功能狀態和促進氣血運行。所以,只需看一個人是勇是怯,便能知其膽氣盛衰,更是能對其他十一臟的功能強弱略知一二。656Please respect copyright.PENANAMP9HdzHE37
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#膽大小656Please respect copyright.PENANAeSXKjXDEKv
《難經.四十二難》:「膽在肝之短葉間,重三兩三銖,盛精汁三合。」656Please respect copyright.PENANAy5WxCKHwkg
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現代一般不會量度膽的重量,但容量就可以拿來比較一下。這裏說的「精汁」是指膽汁,「三合」在當時漢朝的度量衡中相當於現在的60毫升。而現代解剖所了解的膽,容量大概是50毫升。656Please respect copyright.PENANAmQwDnk8FhZ
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這樣看來,漢朝時期人的膽還是大一點。656Please respect copyright.PENANAGI8nuBGjdp
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#人解剖656Please respect copyright.PENANAQcOAZMNywY
當然,古代的解剖量度存在很大誤差。所以,人的膽臟越大,人是否就越大膽這個問題似乎不容易回答。但在古代,有此般好奇的從來不乏其人,甚至往往都是位高權重的皇帝。656Please respect copyright.PENANAwTfkTZ2VtB
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有記載的首次解剖事件是在《漢書.王莽傳》:656Please respect copyright.PENANARq6F21HN4e
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「翟義黨王孫慶捕得,莽使太醫、尚方與巧屠共刳剝之,量度五藏,以竹筳導其脈,知所終始,云可以治病。」656Please respect copyright.PENANAv5mfE40nmE
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王莽是當時新朝的皇帝,王孫慶是反抗的義軍。王莽命令將抓捕的王孫慶身體剖開,看看他是有多大膽才去造反。656Please respect copyright.PENANASRXnsJIVgN
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