閱讀難度:⭐️⭐️467Please respect copyright.PENANAum0nxu0LzX
在我們的日常用語中,一個人敢做一些普通人不敢做的事,我們都會說他比普通人大膽。但明明膽只不過是人體器官之一,究竟是什麼使他成為了勇氣的代名詞呢?英文語境中有個有趣的事實,「guts」一詞翻譯成中文會是「膽量」,但「gut」本身是指腸道,難道加了「s」,多於一條腸就等於是膽了嗎?467Please respect copyright.PENANAWGKvU6mwFs
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#主決斷467Please respect copyright.PENANAJyRpITkC7U
根據中醫對人體臟腑的認識,膽的生理功能有二,其一是貯存和分泌膽汁,讓膽汁去到小腸,幫助消化和吸收食物。這與西醫所理解的膽差別不大。467Please respect copyright.PENANA7r0jX5nDup
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其次,就是《素問·靈蘭秘典論》所說的膽主決斷:467Please respect copyright.PENANANdOaaEeJW4
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「膽者,中正之官,決斷出焉。」467Please respect copyright.PENANA8SV8xZEShF
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所謂「中正」,即公正、果敢。所以膽具有做決定的角色,將肝的謀略付諸實行。而當膽有病,則不但會影響決斷功能,還會反映在精神活動上。467Please respect copyright.PENANAJLnOqitOS3
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《靈樞·邪氣臟腑病形》:「膽病者,善太息,口苦,嘔宿汁,心下澹澹,恐人將捕之。」467Please respect copyright.PENANACjImLl3K5G
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常說心藏神,主神志,但若無膽作決斷,仍是會心神不寧。所以兩者是相輔相成。467Please respect copyright.PENANA3mb07MEpE7
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#十一臟467Please respect copyright.PENANAnUnbpPnz52
《說文解字》曰:「決,行流也。 從水、從夬。」描繪了衝破決裂的景象,形象地說明「膽」所做的「決」正是有種作出突破的意義。467Please respect copyright.PENANAmYsd8Gj1j2
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《素問.六節藏象論》中有耐人尋味的一句:「凡十一臟皆取決於膽也。」時至今日,對此仍有各種不同的理解。467Please respect copyright.PENANAo3DnbQuO4o
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其中,有一種解釋是指膽氣助正抗邪,反應了人體正氣盛衰。《素問.經脈別論》曰:467Please respect copyright.PENANAFNkxs14Bq8
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「勇者氣行則已,怯者則著而為病也。」467Please respect copyright.PENANAIk4YLrk8SB
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正氣強盛是一個人表現出果決勇敢的基本條件。而正氣能夠抵抗外邪,強健臟腑功能狀態和促進氣血運行。所以,只需看一個人是勇是怯,便能知其膽氣盛衰,更是能對其他十一臟的功能強弱略知一二。467Please respect copyright.PENANAeOaY9xZAuQ
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#膽大小467Please respect copyright.PENANAwyaW4kK83g
《難經.四十二難》:「膽在肝之短葉間,重三兩三銖,盛精汁三合。」467Please respect copyright.PENANA68TMGn8Hwc
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現代一般不會量度膽的重量,但容量就可以拿來比較一下。這裏說的「精汁」是指膽汁,「三合」在當時漢朝的度量衡中相當於現在的60毫升。而現代解剖所了解的膽,容量大概是50毫升。467Please respect copyright.PENANAmwqhRMh3EW
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這樣看來,漢朝時期人的膽還是大一點。467Please respect copyright.PENANAWP1ZYEKWLh
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#人解剖467Please respect copyright.PENANAsiKSylMOo8
當然,古代的解剖量度存在很大誤差。所以,人的膽臟越大,人是否就越大膽這個問題似乎不容易回答。但在古代,有此般好奇的從來不乏其人,甚至往往都是位高權重的皇帝。467Please respect copyright.PENANAmCLzU83gOp
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有記載的首次解剖事件是在《漢書.王莽傳》:467Please respect copyright.PENANADNjnsw00bK
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「翟義黨王孫慶捕得,莽使太醫、尚方與巧屠共刳剝之,量度五藏,以竹筳導其脈,知所終始,云可以治病。」467Please respect copyright.PENANAqVB523gC5V
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王莽是當時新朝的皇帝,王孫慶是反抗的義軍。王莽命令將抓捕的王孫慶身體剖開,看看他是有多大膽才去造反。467Please respect copyright.PENANADsJt5nqghL
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