至今中國總共有三間生物公司的疫苗踏入Phase3狀態，包括為Cansino、Sinovac及Sinopharm。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOkxYplsYAt
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其中Sinovac (Phase 3地點:巴西）及國營的Sinopharm(Ref2) (Phase 3地點:阿聯酋）兩間均用上滅活病毒疫苗(Inactivated Virus Vaccine)設計，本文將會就此作深入探討。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7kzMdplUTW
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（圖1）滅活病毒疫苗，顧名思義就是將病毒除去感染能力，當作疫苗之用。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHpQxF7mSZp
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下列為Sinovac製作滅活病毒疫苗的扼要流程(Ref3)728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDRxV8nPFta
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1.從一名進入深切治療部的中國病患肺部體液中抽取病毒。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXEo5oEtSrC
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2.經過數輪實驗室細胞的培植，使病毒數量增加。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY5sRIXAUa6
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3.加入化學物消減病毒的感染力和多重過濾，取得弱化的武肺病毒。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF8L5dv0t0e
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4.將其製成可注射的疫苗。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAqCfOnkX5n
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（圖2）將滅活病毒疫苗注射到身體後，身體的免疫細胞便會製作對應弱化病毒的抗體。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9F4thuBY1E
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在繼續講述抗體之前，可先閱覽（圖3）溫故知新一下武肺入侵人體細胞的簡要過程，又或者可以到之前我所寫的文章觀看略為詳細的版本。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNSjAM9jxWJ
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（圖4）抗體（Antibody)頂多只能阻礙病毒進入細胞或者指示其他免疫細胞前來清滅病毒，並無獨立能力清滅病毒。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcmgGG5cYhP
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而能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體，我們將稱之為Neutralizing Antibody，而圖中已列出其中的兩款機制。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGJ5P5wWVih
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1.抗體與病毒的S protein合併，728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4FQT4lKrAW
防止條件1的達成。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDqCE3kI6bQ
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2.抗體與病毒其他位置合併，728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZdgvundsrX
防止條件3的達成。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEGjUoyuSB9
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（圖5）用上滅活病毒疫苗的話，抗體的製作便會針對病毒的各個位置而進行。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFdsOvGMaB9
基於並非所有抗體也能夠拼合在病毒的關鍵位置，不能夠阻礙病毒進入細胞的抗體，我們將稱之為Non-Neutralizing Antibody。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCwmB9xczPn
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不過，就算是Non-Neutralizing Antibody，它亦能有能力標示病毒，指引其他免疫細胞前來清滅病毒。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXRDk3XClww
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（圖6）Non-Neutralizing Antibody的出現，將會引伸出一個名為Antibody Dependent Enhancement(ADE)的重要問題;728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc5ZxTMkTyi
簡單來說，就是抗體適得其反地協助病毒入侵人體細胞。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNeHt01yW0F
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免疫細胞的表面上，有著接收器識辨抗體的某個區域。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeDjagk93bx
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但若果有過多Non-Neutralizing Antibody黏在病毒裡頭的話，病毒就有機會可以無視之前那3條法則，不需要經過ACE2，而是透過免疫細胞的表面上識辨抗體的接收器進入細胞。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXifhb6FIRH
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換句話說，抗體在這情況下變相成為幫兇或者25仔，輔助病毒進入細胞，這現象我們稱之為ADE。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoPZjtmWKzE
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（圖7）武肺病毒進入細胞後，需要切割S protein才能夠開始進行繁殖工作。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaJmcBI9H14
所以就算有Non-Neutralizing antibody做25仔，如果病毒幸運地有Neutralizing antibody保護S protein免受切割的話，病毒依舊無法作惡。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡksfAWq3Tzi
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但若果無Neutralizing antibody保護的話，病毒就會利用免疫細胞作為寄主，避開一切免疫機制，大量製造病毒。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡROznAP89RB
情形就好像本身理應維護法紀的警察，突然之間搖身一變成為罪惡的溫床，窩藏及協助罪犯（病毒）滋生，導致情況一發不可收拾。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpAiKfFoy85
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（圖8）ADE這現象，科學家一直以來均有記錄及研究。（Ref4)728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhjCR8QtlWG
以登革熱為例，病人染上登革熱病毒(Dengue Virus)的話，身體便會製造登革熱病毒抗體。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKEhj3XUHOw
但基於登革熱病毒與寨卡病毒(Zika Virus)有頗為相似的地方，某部份的登革熱病毒抗體「幸運地」便成為寨卡病毒的Non-Neutralizing Antibody，透過ADE幫忙寨卡病毒入侵人體。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNAJDoUUII1
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亦即是說，擁有登革熱病毒抗體的人反而更有機會受到寨卡病毒入侵。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQoSW3iu4Bd
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（圖9）有研究指出，03年SARS病毒亦會依靠未曾上市的疫苗所產生出的Non-Neutralizing Antibody，不需經過ACE2便能入侵免疫細胞。（Ref5)728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPXQoCxuoyC
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武肺會否出現同樣現象，暫時尚未清楚。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyIfQ281yv3
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只不過各國進行Phase3中的疫苗，大多也是針對著武肺病毒S protein位置而設計，故此出現Non-Neutralizing antibody將會比用上整個武肺病毒而作為疫苗設計的那兩間公司為低，ADE的機率亦相對減少。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnNU4klsmCC
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當然，另一方面來看，中國那兩間公司因為用上整個武肺病毒來設計疫苗，理論上所產生的抗體數量及濃度亦會為高，抵抗的效果亦會相對顯著，但ADE的機率出現亦會相對為高。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwLK00djKVf
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美國Moderna已表示Phase3的報告將會探討ADE的可能，但願中國Sinovac及國營Sinopharm的Phase3報告，也會在ADE方面進行深入探討吧！728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUG1SaeLt4Y
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFVYiWsLhZD
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEDkle8c0Uk
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡERSHX6Ydz6
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Ref2:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2769612?fbclid=IwAR0sp9eU5V9FOzuLjz6ERw6LRFm-1yx3MJt1OEgqBDQKW1GA5mQeIIi5J7E728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeAJyeIRiuo
Ref3:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/369/6499/77?fbclid=IwAR29zOO06gVsQAC2jLU2uMJi-qcYbniz108Y4kcaWOr1iNuQyVM3jCFMHa4728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkajAoQ6iAa
Ref4:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2538-8.pdf728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMDEzOzi14Q
Ref5:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115629/728Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNg8gPxoDQe
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