x
全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgrTaLfpLoy
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0TGVwaLRhg
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvAtAZ8bfT1
在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU4eiO9PFWb
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgUpYRGPQjt
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnRlRhLOJji
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKjVldCpDTC
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5rg1asKwRn
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIu8Y4jRkXj
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9yjgeXou1u
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbxJtFNv8wF
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwI7TT7c64S
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDfBvo3VrBU
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfDPn5tIQLr
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKEgzT1Bpzu
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIPCipbMtdT
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW5VY3UE9Ss
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrPvaWsZXCb
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjzYcBemKPv
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRGK2pcGSa8
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjzcKzBpIBG
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf5hhRF1LuY
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvX67qowX9R
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡosL6B28SVi
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyVB5AVEH0K
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPqyOeyeqSj
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhcgRoCNlxE
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJJv9pNu7SP
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6nXMTuKygn
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKI4D32BIUX
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSrf4VOsUin
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8JcQDSchOC
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7y6ghyqf5Y
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu2Ct32eh0b
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmmZurIkZW1
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2eiVsBNacW
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Z8rcw8jfw
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJluHgLFK15
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcht2PsPTAo
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ734L6wdOPx
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡK3Ux9aVMcd
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOw8DHnz05m
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡytRvCflum5
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcaUXdD36gj
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjLUAnCQDzn
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoaZOP3DCkS
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBK6qPplWW4
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaP5KGYqAtU
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvOsBLFFf73
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTVCUDGWOTA
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUgI5Ym5Zpq
Link:367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXGBIl3LEfb
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmFXBKCWK3P
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1jZcDpsEAB
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzGnIsRfiYi
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg0cDSEwzGL
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMmCjWct41J
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMEE1386vpn
367Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQgn1mWGXvj
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
