
全球約有35%的食物產量,均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲,讓農作物得以健康成長。420Please respect copyright.PENANAFtfvvkflrb420Please respect copyright.PENANAu0j6RIGO7m
420Please respect copyright.PENANAP7sNuX3DKu
在這個層面上,農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑,究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?420Please respect copyright.PENANASVfLVm3ySZ
420Please respect copyright.PENANAkYZqksjJTE
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種,內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合,引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。420Please respect copyright.PENANANcSoh7oTLT
420Please respect copyright.PENANA4WATe5K1eI
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制,可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009420Please respect copyright.PENANABns9lCHcKe420Please respect copyright.PENANAivtHk0O4DP
420Please respect copyright.PENANAx9JkgJYtjy
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性,益蟲害蟲均會送命。420Please respect copyright.PENANAHSDTPpKNxY
正因如此,全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑,以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。420Please respect copyright.PENANAhtLUV8SQfH
420Please respect copyright.PENANAmLrnmeEkoS
題外話,人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別,所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。420Please respect copyright.PENANAcblI55DCFq
420Please respect copyright.PENANAVN0zLysh5L
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用,新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。420Please respect copyright.PENANAz3GFTnbHQm420Please respect copyright.PENANAfXi3qqsJY2
420Please respect copyright.PENANAnNYNdE8UXl
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑,但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。420Please respect copyright.PENANAShoA138Yx6
420Please respect copyright.PENANAiY9QS681A8
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同,根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式,舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別,而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。420Please respect copyright.PENANAMw9zwYjNl1
420Please respect copyright.PENANARjhRUzcy5l
420Please respect copyright.PENANAp4yV5hoLQK
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外,對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?420Please respect copyright.PENANA9pTiwbflO0420Please respect copyright.PENANAW3ms22anmo
420Please respect copyright.PENANAUO0UqPgLSX
答案是接近沒有過人之處,它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。420Please respect copyright.PENANAu4Ee5lrU1w
420Please respect copyright.PENANAFdk18QgWNU
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣,能長年積累在環境裡頭。420Please respect copyright.PENANABY9ghUCnwt
420Please respect copyright.PENANARQDdc9fCNA
以蜜蜂為例,雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡,但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。420Please respect copyright.PENANAIx5xvuZHTu
420Please respect copyright.PENANA523009iRim
相對上,另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低,2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。420Please respect copyright.PENANA7mTB8kALRU
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響,歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下,生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。420Please respect copyright.PENANAY1LJBKgKK6
420Please respect copyright.PENANAwbm2eiUIJM
420Please respect copyright.PENANACqY2aXN1BO
顯然,新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。420Please respect copyright.PENANApGO3c6vKjf
420Please respect copyright.PENANAgftFenh8YG
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候,往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗,但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多,加上昆蟲本身的獨特性,對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害,因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。420Please respect copyright.PENANAbk6iTtxaDl
420Please respect copyright.PENANAxHPqobXsF9
同時間,現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響,這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。420Please respect copyright.PENANA3lEuLa8it8
420Please respect copyright.PENANAKtuP8JLpnb
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。420Please respect copyright.PENANAHlTsbEUlnf
420Please respect copyright.PENANAJaHQPl1jWR
420Please respect copyright.PENANAQg49QWkpJo
如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。420Please respect copyright.PENANAcxpCWWmrvl
420Please respect copyright.PENANASiptUhlk5h
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc420Please respect copyright.PENANAxOdIDsZ2Tq
420Please respect copyright.PENANArSfbLA5dcr
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」,以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文,多謝。420Please respect copyright.PENANAAk5EEGWjpO
420Please respect copyright.PENANAlcsG5886O2
Link:420Please respect copyright.PENANAsLHsJp6F96
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio420Please respect copyright.PENANADyvHGFt4Nx
420Please respect copyright.PENANABXI9XbjdbR
420Please respect copyright.PENANASC3dUFfEPU
有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。420Please respect copyright.PENANAj0x4AELMs2
420Please respect copyright.PENANAyspCUNS6Yp
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/420Please respect copyright.PENANAMQanIa2Qe3
420Please respect copyright.PENANAJ78X3sC24Q
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/