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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzJQlSXICCU
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjpdBCR41e7
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDYNFjimbOI
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmIv4QDyn76
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPlrlglzcDr
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因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJUIRVQQ7JW
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡybZoC2jfhK
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjlXwPex6cC
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbIEH3D0aoH
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7hjwkcp203
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCGLLuyfC56
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Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhAxM7G1PpZ
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBR60DM3LAV
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzuYkLjt52m
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC73zAfDiZ4
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbCi1sXbswY
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRgLZdz0mUz
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmU2xrQ56BN
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxOwt88lvxU
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTGs5Pnr7J4
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTrCxc7F3d8
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOGnAxPmQwN
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm1b2chDTC9
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqqv0pUA1bX
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeJ02h4kCIW
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgLBrL9jMCm
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEyzpsz5kHW
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395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjkDQRqzKGO
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRXhUp9GILa
395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡINyCsOZeJb
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJDtpvLfBLI
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同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB7pmj30AVG
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以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGp6d8VQ9KO
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWHNfI9sgSi
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡleTLW38pzg
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCfOUWwaVHI
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Link:395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe7uqI7ToxB
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMtCSKg7D2b
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhB3HXYViQ3
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/395Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdzJWRp43k7
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
