近兩日看到了下面一則新聞,因而生起念頭寫上本篇文章,介紹一下人工降雨的概念。1092Please respect copyright.PENANApxXrMc3RaV
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「中國福建省寧德市因日前缺雨,官方宣布8日至9日將進行「人工降雨」,不料,8日下午市區突降暴雨、嚴重淹水,不但汽車直接泡水中,還一度緊急撤離居民,民眾懷疑應是「人工降雨」劑量錯誤釀禍,感嘆「寧德大概是第一個因為人工降雨把自己淹掉的城市吧!」,對此,官方未多做說明。」1092Please respect copyright.PENANAwhfpxHfpHv
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(圖2)要了解人工降雨的原理,我們自當然要快速了解一下雲到底是如何形成,以及甚麼條件會觸發下雨事件發生。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAWtMF6NZN9W
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太陽為大地帶來溫暖,亦同時把海洋的水份蒸發成氣體上天。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAGiWhsmKZcT
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高度越高,溫度便會越低,水蒸氣亦會變成為水珠。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAyDrXAALxe6
而當水珠遇上各種微粒(如圖中所示)後,便能在其上凝結。1092Please respect copyright.PENANANq4mU6SE90
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(圖3)凝結在微粒的水珠最終會變成為結晶狀。當這些結晶集合一起後,便會形成雲。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAKWpl6cF6s4
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隨著時間推進,大地的水蒸氣不斷湧上天空,源源不絕的水珠不斷在結晶上繼續凝結,導致結晶體積越來越大。1092Please respect copyright.PENANA8BrMc90JTj
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當結晶體積大到某一個程度的時候,便會因著地心吸力的緣故降落到地上,亦即是雨。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAPZBVdQvS0O
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(圖4)其中一種人工降雨的方式,亦是中國在北京奧運及西藏地區常用的手段,就是利用地上燃燒或者飛機、無人機以及火箭的方式把化學物(silver iodide,AgI)注入到雲中裡頭。1092Please respect copyright.PENANA1aysyIV7Wt
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AgI的角色就是促進水珠結晶的形成,提供一個優越的表面讓雨裡的水珠凝結,加速結晶體積增加的速度,最終誘使雨水降到地上。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAcbFfzl4wZd
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這種人工的方式至少有兩種限制,一就是雲隻的存在,若果天上沒有雲的話,你送多少AgI上天也是徒勞無功的。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAPbeYpBMnX4
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二就是雲隻的溫度,雲的溫度隨著高度亦會有所不同,只有低過攝氏零度的雲隻AgI才會發揮顯著功效(Ref1,2)。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAtgBZ9wb4V1
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因此,這種人工降雨的方式必需配合各種的天氣感測或量度系統輔助,才能找出適當的時機製造人工降雨。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAhNBDBWzFHh
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另一方面,這種人工降雨的方式無疑是先洗未來錢,中國在2018年的西藏地區至少興建了500個焚化爐(Ref3),意圖大幅增加西藏地區的降雨量。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAy8ZlCJAHod
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這種手段間接促使到鄰近地區無法獲取充足雨水,這責任又應該是由誰來負責呢?而且,瘋狂運送科學物到天空,受害的最終會是誰?1092Please respect copyright.PENANA9aqPrAHtZp
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那些「不應存在天上」的化學物,又是否會導致酸雨發生呢?1092Please respect copyright.PENANAdn1fT3nPZW
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如果想我快啲出文的話,請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark,這對我非常之重要。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAAE5ploPXb1
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc1092Please respect copyright.PENANA1fuEQvFnXR
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https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio1092Please respect copyright.PENANAJuse97dVtc
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話,歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。1092Please respect copyright.PENANAq3T3lCd8Nm
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Ref1:http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.17169951151092Please respect copyright.PENANA9K0KjgYFGQ
Ref2:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092188311000169X1092Please respect copyright.PENANAWIPT6qHlFF
Ref3:https://singularityhub.com/2018/04/24/china-plans-to-bring-artificial-rain-to-area-three-times-the-size-of-spain/1092Please respect copyright.PENANACd69bOuEHJ