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這系列的第一集，我們講解了PD1/PDL1的運作原理。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDPL9no8w1s
Link: https://www.penana.com/article/471125593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPH3qyzO02t
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第二集我們講述CTLA4與T cell功用的關係。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyQ6ZEHA1Kv
Link:https://www.penana.com/article/472480593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Y3BkWQwxt
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第三集我們講述增加T cell順利到達癌細胞位置的其中一種手段。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4Vv1nsT2AW
https://www.penana.com/article/479229593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpTQ103Z2uh
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而這一集我們將講解一道關於檢測阻擋PD1的抗體Pembrolizumab成效的研究。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0pJ2hPxiD6
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關於阻檔PD1的原理及初心，可參閱第一集，其後可直接跳過第二第三集來到第四集本集。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8BB2JV9C8j
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（圖2）現今約只有20%的病人能夠從免疫治療中獲取長遠且持續的正面效果。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSRb8u1XB19
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其有效的程度實屬可圈可點，如果有方法能夠盡快得知免疫治療沒有預期成效的話，那就可以即時轉用其他治療手段，把握時候嘗試用第二種方法入手打擊癌症。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy2tJSPMmlP
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對此，有科學家嘗試量度血液中癌細胞的DNA含量，觀察能否藉此方法預判免疫治療的效果（Ref1)。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLyktVbyjfl
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(圖3）癌細胞DNA之所以會出現在血液中，主要由兩大途徑所成。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ46zsowkYyc
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1.癌細胞會利用血液循環系統或者淋巴系統轉移到第二個位置，593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvY4NTQfVu3
因此血液會有癌細胞的DNA。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFcubrA2f2M
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2.癌細胞亦會往外釋出名Exosome的物質，裡頭亦含有癌細胞的DNA。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOvXLrQ5a0C
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在這裡，我們暫稱癌細胞在血液中的DNA為ctDNA，Circulating Tumor DNA。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhRqqS9EtP9
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（圖4）圖中為利用阻擋PD1的抗體Pembrolizumab作治療的兩名病人結果。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVO9spPV4Az
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紅線為電腦斷層掃描觀察癌細胞大小的影像，而黑線為量度癌細胞在血液(ctDNA)的含量，可見黑線(量度ctDNA的含量)能夠更快預判免疫治療結果成效。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxu5RLrlXkB
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而且，有另外10名接受免疫治療的病人在初期(服用藥物後6-7星期)錄得ctDNA完全下降，亦同樣能夠比電腦斷層掃描觀察更早一步預判成效。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHnNi5HzzS2
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而研究中有45名免疫治療的病人在初期沒有錄得任何的ctDNA跌幅，癌細胞的體積在其後亦沒有明顯縮細。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIQka3JQYxw
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對比含放射性的電腦斷層掃描，量度血液的ctDNA只需抽取病人的血液便可，明顯簡單且快捷。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSv1HJ6x1Fj
只不過每名病人的ctDNA排組均不一樣，先前需要拿取部份癌細胞組織，才能夠有效設計檢測ctDNA的方針。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmASTwAjmq5
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無論如何，若然日後能有研究進一步確立此方法的成效及可信性，定必大可增加對抗癌症的效益。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg2bgV1o2ma
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另一方面，透過檢測血液的DNA來預先得知癌細胞的存在，亦是日後檢驗及預防癌症的主流大方向。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0VrDS9jPeP
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhQyY4TmLR1
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI6ResCQ19L
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz7VkWLRcHN
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Link:593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡciL7AzNGaf
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjokJzmoJCr
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrdMvQJS55B
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpzhQyXBM8A
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Ref1:https://www.nature.com/articles/s43018-020-009593Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOSDY2XMIyO
