全球約有35%的食物產量,均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲,讓農作物得以健康成長。340Please respect copyright.PENANAYoKczwZfSx
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在這個層面上,農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑,究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?340Please respect copyright.PENANAsLHmOGMgsp
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(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種,內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合,引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。340Please respect copyright.PENANAqDr20HYVGR
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制,可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009340Please respect copyright.PENANAZo0JAag2F0
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因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性,益蟲害蟲均會送命。340Please respect copyright.PENANA2Qdo2lYYke
正因如此,全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑,以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。340Please respect copyright.PENANAhovT2lt6eI
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題外話,人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別,所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。340Please respect copyright.PENANASaXONGXQox
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(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用,新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。340Please respect copyright.PENANAVHYlTDfPLQ
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Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑,但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。340Please respect copyright.PENANAhqbCiAQGWt
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新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同,根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式,舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別,而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。340Please respect copyright.PENANAOrq6IQKVOd
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(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外,對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?340Please respect copyright.PENANAkLUG6H431d
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答案是接近沒有過人之處,它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。340Please respect copyright.PENANAXSTxTLP9e3
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Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣,能長年積累在環境裡頭。340Please respect copyright.PENANAHcoAoe6ejz
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以蜜蜂為例,雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡,但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。340Please respect copyright.PENANAhjUi3GLgiL
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相對上,另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低,2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。340Please respect copyright.PENANAyNl0OCmKWh
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響,歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下,生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。340Please respect copyright.PENANAbvPlsZDYGJ
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顯然,新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。340Please respect copyright.PENANAusftYqF8x2
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在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候,往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗,但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多,加上昆蟲本身的獨特性,對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害,因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。340Please respect copyright.PENANAc6DJxAzaiV
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同時間,現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響,這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。340Please respect copyright.PENANA9n3xlOaQ8Q
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以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。340Please respect copyright.PENANAO0h6Vtjmmv
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/