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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE6id2scTA2
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdG0cOWywGb
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡru8tc785Us
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0rGqOPnz93
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJlyLzHwnh3
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387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuFUHTK5imm
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzNVzUAJhKQ
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtlpLtrofBx
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3UvjPblzef
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3xrPhUXD64
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFCfNUeIPSU
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfHp9BtAyIn
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDE9kGwmLFg
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTgRd7KOxX6
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkWzBKpG3Dy
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTY4YlzJkQa
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXgZBTx1qmF
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpXRGoS6VVB
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHoc1nxTVO0
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcEGKMzpx01
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3PQKVIYDzl
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiOHhWydgki
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj7e7LlHCiG
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMqIvRJFXm2
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ97bhJ83Gg5
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb46LIZ4qTH
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYFYkwscspf
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3fk8gRsBSc
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡparONkTrHn
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡttFLuzNyuF
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC0vNKQNGYl
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDqLqZtdBwN
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ5Ze02Os7A
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVzwnT7xzUS
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhZcZPqgUlW
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgRPQkR4Mlc
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOeiYP7Cd2c
387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrfWdDsxRlc
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTQzokqcUhe
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387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1ekncqpTDT
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9nwAa10aUK
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGmIXBOO5AL
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwrXT44JWum
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Link:387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ73f1f2YhaQ
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFnxvqzEXGW
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2u7wXf73sO
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/387Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxkzKc9AXmq
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
