上集提及自90年代起，科學家便開始著手研究利用mRNA的方式試圖在老鼠身上製造對應的蛋白質。站在免疫細胞的角度來看，外來的mRNA終歸是外來之物，並非身體自然產生形成，故此必須鏟除。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOWv1vPdmzO
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而在消滅外物的過程中，一系列的免疫反應亦將會啟動。正因如此，若然想將此mRNA技術套用在人類身上的話，科學家必須想辦法使外來的mRNA免受免疫細胞消滅，同時亦需壓抑免疫反應的產生。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH7MIoaOBAW
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這樣才能使mRNA能順利進入預想的目的地(身體細胞) ，以及減低對身體細胞不必要的負荷產生。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ2kpf4APEI
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(圖2)在科學家尋找辦法其間，他們受到一道非常重要的研究啟發。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI2NluzDXdZ
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對比哺乳動物的DNA，細菌的DNA在人體裡會產生更強烈的免疫反應。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0NfucciWD5
尋尋覓覓，科學家們發現，形成此現象的其中一因由是出於哺乳動物的DNA基因排組中，在C及G密集區域裡頻繁出現名為methylation的改造;556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU7mlsPoZsd
細菌的DNA並沒有頻繁出現這種改造，因此更容易觸發人體的免疫系統反應。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0RIefEQ626
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(圖3)其後，科學家們發現RNA跟DNA一樣，有著不同形形式式的改造，而個別的改造亦有著躲避免疫系統追捕的功能。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNMOEOf82kG
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更甚的是，不同款式病毒的RNA，其改造結構的出現比普通細胞出現得更為頻繁且為獨特，這亦使科學家們更為堅信，改造mRNA的結構將可成為壓抑產生免疫反應的其中一手段。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsSAo97MvdM
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(圖4)積累多年來的研究成果，現時武肺輝瑞mRNA疫苗的mRNA正有著名為N1-methylpseudouridine (m1Ψ)的結構改造，這不但能大大減低我們體內對mRNA所產生的免疫系統反應，同時亦有助mRNA在我們細胞內產生武肺S蛋白質，繼而讓免疫系統辨認及製作對應的抗體。556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd5gMll1Qis
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Ref1:https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00197556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNzR4AvrjR8
Ref2:https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(05)00211-6556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQozmALiSfu
Ref3:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0168365915300948?via%3Dihub556Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡizWuwOG0s1
