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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbTv7tS6skI
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyvXNilyPNa
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFNYIVxa0Jr
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡabZkNy3KpJ
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4DTN9cmCD7
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsY4rI5JA1w
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX2SNiMi9oM
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsyincHP3K5
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIpN0QLvB2t
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpnHct12HhP
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuDcIrxMYh1
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDknQMIuM5F
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnhEXwJXRoE
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396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKasXDoLDup
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpO9I1jJmtl
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbNgwjn0tO7
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqplUrgEoXY
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBjV3OWNuac
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuC9XAE5XFA
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlIcD8QWIFy
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3np241jgUK
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzE38lUWjsR
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRLTU3Jyti8
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp3Jp87pyAK
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrvrH9McULx
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnt5MxitVlH
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0TX5sA5KhU
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ063geRCCks
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7m7oYkElpK
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6BJkth63Zj
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBvHbOm29fy
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4LcNhG5LSX
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa7DjrvaV5E
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpO69KFrLpo
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBrXRQXF6x4
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1xKFVK4JvI
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyIEF3UenWY
396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzjNukPCSbV
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw6DGWjCcdD
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396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6SG99MQyR9
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEWob3PElWL
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPclbAN9oDr
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTUbyXBUX6E
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Link:396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEQmYW4qoCp
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJVm2DSLAF0
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhRtJAqbhrD
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/396Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvxfk9UJBIo
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
